The authors modified design parameters to form a heat discharge system (e.g. (2010) provided design recommendations to improve the performance of the systems. An empirical study was conducted to compare the results from the proposed model with those from the laboratory. (2006) presented an analytical model to simulate the thermal behavior of solar heat discharge wall systems. However, Szokolay (2004) suggested using Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems as complementary mechanical systems, where assembly of natural and architectural components cannot completely ensure thermal comfort. Recently, Chel and Kaushik (2018) recommended a TW with transparent honeycomb panels as a method to reduce energy demand in buildings and affirmed that the design showed good potential for winter heating. This way, the TW acts as an energy storage device so that this stored energy can be used later to provide heating to the adjacent indoor spaces. Trombe Wall (TW), a typical passive building system, composed by a thermal mass and a glazing system located between the outside environment and the indoor space, allows for solar radiation that hits the thermal mass to be captured as heat energy. These authors also affirmed that an optimum passive design can provide useful solar gains to uncomfortable space in the winter. In this sense, Parker and Brown (2013) proposed to incorporate passive systems as a strategy not only for reducing building energy consumption but also for reducing the operating costs, as these systems commonly require low-maintenance due to small amount of moving devices. Yeang (2001) concluded that passive systems can increase the economic value of a building (between 5 and 10%) and depending on the geographical location and local energy prices, amortization periods could be around 5–15 years. Similarly, Szokolay (2004), apart from the extensive studies in passive systems, such as night and cross ventilation, and evaporative cooling, illustrated how a massive wall exposed to solar radiation acted as a heat collector and storage device (also known as the Trombe-Mitchel system).
Olgyay (1963), one of the pioneers of solar building design, applied solar control, natural ventilation and shading design to several buildings in the United States, illustrating the importance of using passive systems in achieving thermal comfort. Large-scale implementation of such systems could make the building sector an interesting option as an artificial sink for carbon storage.
Compared to other gases, CO 2 could hold a greater potential due to its low thermal conductivity and capital costs. Additionally, thermal performance and air velocity simulations suggest that for the heating case, considering an outdoor and indoor temperature conditions of 0 ☌ and 21 ☌ respectively, the internal layer surface reaches a temperature of 9.2 ☌ while for the cooling case, considering outdoor and indoor temperature conditions of 25 ☌ and 21 ☌ respectively, it reaches 22.5 ☌ with a maximum indoor air velocity of 0.5 m/s. Outputs suggest that as a passive heating measure, the system has the potential to supply heat in the order of 118 W, 126 W, 134 W, and 157 W, during the months of December, January, February, and March respectively. As case study, a 108 m 2 south façade of a building located in Mexico has been used. The aim is to present a detailed analytical model for rapidly calculating thermal performance of the proposed wall configurations. In this study, a passive heating wall system composed by a CO 2-filled transparent thermal insulation (TTI) and an organic phase change material (PCM), and a passive cooling system composed by a Tromble Wall with nano-film and a CO 2-filled TTI are proposed and evaluated. Novel thermal insulation materials and wall configurations have the potential to play a major role in reducing energy demand and carbon emissions from the building sector.